[Perioperative management of wounds associated with secondary sternal osteomyelitis and/or mediastinitis after sternotomy and its clinical effects].

Objective: To investigate the perioperative management of wounds associated with secondary sternal osteomyelitis and/or mediastinitis after sternotomy, and to evaluate its clinical effects. Methods: This study was a retrospective observational study. From January 2017 to December 2022, 36 patients with wounds associated with secondary sternal osteomyelitis and/or mediastinitis after sternotomy who were conformed to the inclusion criteria were admitted to the Burn Center of PLA of the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, including 23 males and 13 females, aged 25 to 81 years. Preparation for surgery was made. For patients with suspected retrosternal mediastinal abscess cavity, all cancellous bone of the unhealed sternum was bitten off to fully expose the retrosternal mediastinum, remove the source of infection and granulation tissue, and to fill the sternum defect with flipped unilateral pectoralis major muscle. For patients who had no retrosternal mediastinal infection but had fresh granulation tissue in unhealed sternal wounds, the necrotic tissue and a small amount of necrotic sternum were palliatively removed, and bilateral pectoralis major muscles were advanced and abutted to cover the sternal defect. After the skin in the donor area was closed by tension-relieving suture, continuous vacuum sealing drainage was performed, and continuous even infusion and lavage were added 24 hours later. The thorax was fixed with an armor-like chest strap, the patients were guided to breathe abdominally, with both upper limbs fixed to the lateral chest wall using a surgical restraint strap. The bacterial culture results of wound exudation specimens on admission were recorded. The wound condition observed during operation, debridement method, muscle flap covering method, intraoperative bleeding volume, days of postoperative infusion and lavage, lavage solution volume and changes on each day, and postoperative complications and wound healing time were recorded. After discharge, the wound healing quality, thorax shape, and mobility functions of thorax and both upper limbs were evaluated during follow-up. The stability and closure of sternum were observed by computed tomography (CT) reexamination. Results: On admission, among 36 patients, 33 cases were positive and 3 cases were negative in bacterial culture results of wound exudation specimens. Intraoperative observation showed that 26 patients had no retrosternal mediastinal infection but had fresh granulation tissue in unhealed sternal wounds, palliative debridement was performed and bilateral pectoralis major muscles were advanced and abutted to cover the defect. In 10 patients with suspected retrosternal mediastinal abscess cavity, the local sternum was completely removed by bite and the defect was covered using flipped unilateral pectoralis major muscle. During the operation, one patient experienced an innominate vein rupture and bleeding of approximately 3 000 mL during mediastinal exploration, and the remaining patients experienced bleeding of 100-1 000 mL. Postoperative infusion and lavage were performed for 4-7 days, with a lavage solution volume of 3 500-4 500 mL/d. The lavage solution gradually changed from dark red to light red and finally clear. Except for 1 patient who had suture rupture caused by lifting the patient under the armpit during nursing on the 3rd day after surgery, the wounds of the other patients healed smoothly after surgery, and the wound healing time of all patients was 7-21 days. Follow-up for 3 to 9 months after discharge showed that the patient who had suture rupture caused by armpit lifting died due to multiple organ failure. In 1 patient, the armor-like chest strap was removed 2 weeks after surgery, and the shoulder joint movement was not restricted, resulting in local rupture of the suture, which healed after dressing change. The wounds of the remaining patients healed well, and they resumed their daily life. The local skin of patient's pectoralis major muscle defect was slightly sunken and lower than that of the contralateral thorax in the patients undergoing treatment of pectoralis major muscle inversion, while no obvious thoracic deformity was observed in patients undergoing treatment with pectoralis major muscle propulsion and abutment. The chest and upper limb movement in all patients were slightly limited or normal. CT reexamination results of 10 patients showed that the sternum was stable, the local sternum was closed or covered completely with no lacuna or defects. Conclusions: Once the wound associated with secondary sternal osteomyelitis and/or mediastinitis after sternotomy is formed, individualized and precise debridement should be performed as soon as possible, different transfer ways of pectoralis major muscle flap should be chosen to cover the defect, and postoperative continuous infusion and lavage together with strict thorax and shoulder joint restraint and immobilization should be performed. This treatment strategy can ensure good wound healing without affecting the shape and function of the donor area.

[Comparison the characteristics of serum adrenocortical hormone profile in patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma and adrenal coritcal adenoma].

Objective: To compare the characteristics of serum adrenocortical hormone profiles detected by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma and adrenal adenoma. Methods: A total of 23 patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma and 119 patients with adrenal cortical adenoma/hyperplasia who visited the Department of Endocrinology and/or the Department of Urology of Peking University First Hospital from January 2018 to June 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. The imaging characteristics and serum adrenal cortical hormone profiles detected by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry were analyzed retrospectively. The independent related factors of adrenal cortical carcinoma were screened by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The age of patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma was 46 (35, 57) years, and 15 (65.2%) were female; The age of adrenal cortical adenoma patients was 49 (40, 58) years old, and 80 (67.2%) were female. There was no significant difference in age and gender between the two groups (all P values>0.05). The maximum tumor diameter M (Q1, Q3) of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma was 7.05 (5.45, 9.78) cm, which was larger than that of patients with adrenocortical adenoma [2.1 (1.6, 3.0) cm] (P<0.001). Compared with patients with adrenal adenoma, the androstenedione (AD) of patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma [4.056 9 (1.619 5, 7.907 9) nmol/L vs 1.517 5 (0.935 1, 2.582 1) nmol/L (P<0.001)] was significantly increased; 11-ketotestosterone/11-ketoandrostenedione [0.034 3 (0.020 6, 0.079 2) vs 0.041 0 (0.028 6, 0.061 5) (P=0.089)] and 11-ketoandrostenedione/11-hydroxyandrostenedione [0.013 0 (0.006 4, 0.086 7) vs 0.063 0 (0.018 2, 0.162 5) (P=0.042)] were significantly decreased. Multivariate analysis found that AD, the largest diameter of the tumor, 11-ketotestosterone/11-ketoandrostenedione and 11-ketoandrostenedione/11-hydroxyandrostenedi-one were related factors for adrenal cortical carcinoma, with OR values (95%CI) of 1.841 (1.093-3.100), 5.130 (2.332-11.285), 0.381 (0.167-0.867) and 0.000 (0.000-0.014), respectively, all P values <0.05. Conclusions: The larger diameter of adrenal cortical tumor and the higher the level of androstenedione are independent risk factors for adrenal cortical carcinoma. The reduction conversion of 11-hydroxyandrostenedione to 11-ketoandrostenedione and 11-ketoandrostenedione to 11-ketotestosterone were independently associated with adrenal cortical carcinoma.

[Advances in clinical characteristics of talaromycosis combined with other opportunistic infections].

Talaromycosis (TSM) is an opportunistic deep mycosis prevalent in southeast Asia and southern China, affecting HIV-positive, anti-interferon-gamma autoantibody-positive and other immunodeficiency hosts. These hosts are often co-infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis, non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, bacteria, fungi, viruses and other opportunistic infections. The clinical characteristics and the pathogenic spectrum of TSM with opportunistic infections vary with different immune states. The rates of misdiagnosis, missed diagnosis and mortality are high. This review summarized the clinical characteristics of TSM with opportunistic infections in order to improve the level of clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Enhancement of Quantum Heat Engine by Encircling a Liouvillian Exceptional Point.

Quantum heat engines are expected to outperform the classical counterparts due to quantum coherences involved. Here we experimentally execute a single-ion quantum heat engine and demonstrate, for the first time, the dynamics and the enhanced performance of the heat engine originating from the Liouvillian exceptional points (LEPs). In addition to the topological effects related to LEPs, we focus on thermodynamic effects, which can be understood by the Landau-Zener-Stückelberg process under decoherence. We witness a positive net work from the quantum heat engine if the heat engine cycle dynamically encircles a LEP. Further investigation reveals that a larger net work is done when the system is operated closer to the LEP. We attribute the enhanced performance of the quantum heat engine to the Landau-Zener-Stückelberg process, enabled by the eigenenergy landscape in the vicinity of the LEP, and the exceptional point-induced topological transition. Therefore, our results open new possibilities toward LEP-enabled control of quantum heat engines and of thermodynamic processes in open quantum systems.

[Impact of bicuspid aortic valve or tricuspid aortic valve on hemodynamics and left ventricular reverse remodeling in patients after transcatheter aortic valve replacement].

Objective: To compare the impact of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) or tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) on hemodynamics and left ventricular reverse remodeling after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients who underwent TAVR in our hospital from January 2019 to March 2021. Patients were divided into BAV group and TAV group according to aortic contrast-enhanced CT. Each patient was followed up by N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and echocardiography at four time points, namely before TAVR, 24 hours, 1 month and 6 months after TAVR. Echocardiographic data, including mean pressure gradient (MPG), aortic valve area (AVA), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricle mass (LVM) and LV mass index (LVMi) were evaluated. Results: A total of 41 patients were included. The age was (75.0±8.6) years, and male patients accounted for 53.7%. There were 19 BAV patients and 22 TAV patients in this cohort. All patients undergoing TAVR using a self-expandable prosthesis Venus-A valve. MPG was (54.16±21.22) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) before TAVR, (21.11±9.04) mmHg at 24 hours after TAVR, (18.84±7.37) mmHg at 1 month after TAVR, (17.68±6.04) mmHg at 6 months after TAVR in BAV group. LVEF was (50.42±13.30)% before TAVR, (53.84±10.59)% at 24 hours after TAVR, (55.68±8.71)% at 1 month after TAVR and (57.42±7.78)% at 6 months after TAVR in BAV group. MPG and LVEF substantially improved at each time point after operation, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05) in BAV group. MPG in TAV group improved at each time point after operation, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). LVMi was (164.13±49.53), (156.37±39.11), (146.65±38.84) and (134.13±39.83) g/m2 at the 4 time points and the value was significantly reduced at 1 and 6 months post TAVR compared to preoperative level(both P<0.05). LVEF in the TAV group remained unchanged at 24 hours after operation, but it was improved at 1 month and 6 months after operation, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). LVMi in TAV group substantially improved at each time point after operation, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). NT-proBNP in both two groups improved after operation, at 1 month and 6 months after operation, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). MPG in TAV group improved better than in BAV group during the postoperative follow-up (24 hours after TAVR: (11.68±5.09) mmHg vs. (21.11±9.04) mmHg, P<0.001, 1 month after TAVR: (10.82±3.71) mmHg vs. (18.84±7.37) mmHg, P<0.001, 6 months after TAVR: (12.36±4.42) mmHg vs. (17.68±6.04) mmHg, P=0.003). There was no significant difference in NT-proBNP between BAV group and TAV group at each time point after operation (all P>0.05). There was no significant difference in paravalvular regurgitation and second prosthesis implantation between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions: AS patients with BAV or TAV experience hemodynamic improvement and obvious left ventricular reverse remodeling after TAVR, and the therapeutic effects of TAVR are similar between BAV and TAV AS patients in the short-term post TAVR.

[Impact of capsular tension ring implantation in cataract patients with high myopia].

The capsular tension ring (CTR) can stabilize the capsule, support the lax zonules, and inhibit the proliferation and migration of lens epithelial cells. Clinically, CTR is mostly used in patients with zonular weakness, which can improve the stability of intraocular lens (IOL) and reduce the incidence of posterior capsular opacity (PCO). The relatively large capsular bag volume, zonular weakness in cataract patients with high myopia may increase the instability of IOL and PCO. Therefore, many clinicians have implanted CTR in cataract patients with high myopia. In this review, we summarized the application of CTR in cataract patients with high myopia.

Dynamical control of quantum heat engines using exceptional points.

A quantum thermal machine is an open quantum system coupled to hot and cold thermal baths. Thus, its dynamics can be well understood using the concepts and tools from non-Hermitian quantum systems. A hallmark of non-Hermiticity is the existence of exceptional points where the eigenvalues of a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian or a Liouvillian superoperator and their associated eigenvectors coalesce. Here, we report the experimental realization of a single-ion heat engine and demonstrate the effect of Liouvillian exceptional points on the dynamics and the performance of a quantum heat engine. Our experiments have revealed that operating the engine in the exact- and broken-phases, separated by a Liouvillian exceptional point, respectively during the isochoric heating and cooling strokes of an Otto cycle produces more work and output power and achieves higher efficiency than executing the Otto cycle completely in the exact phase where the system has an oscillatory dynamics and higher coherence. This result opens interesting possibilities for the control of quantum heat engines and will be of interest to other research areas that are concerned with the role of coherence and exceptional points in quantum processes and in work extraction by thermal machines.

[Persistent and serious hyperkalemia after surgery of primary aldosteronism: A case report].

Hyperkalemia was one of the complications after primary aldosteronism surgery. Hyperkalemia after primary aldosteronism surgery was uncommon in clinical practice, especially persistent and serious hyperkalemia was rare. This complication was not attached great importance in clinical work. A case about persistent and serious hyperkalemia after primary aldosteronism adrenal adenoma surgery was reported and the patient was followed-up for fourteen months in this study. This patient had a laparoscopic adrenalectomy due to primary aldosteronism. Hyperkalemia was detected one month after surgery of this patient, the highest level of plasma potassium was 7.0 mmol/L. The patient felt skin itchy, nausea, palpitation. Plasma aldosterone concentration fell to 2.12 ng/dL post-operation from 35.69 ng/dL pre-operation, zona glomerulosa insufficiency was confirmed by hormonal tests in this patient after surgery. And levels of 24 hours urinary potassium excretion declined. Decrease of aldosterone levels after surgery might be the cause of hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia lasted for 14 months after surgery and kalemia-lowering drugs were needed. A systemic search with "primary aldosteronism", "hyperkalemia", "surgical treatment" was performed in PubMed and Wanfang Database for articles published between January 2009 and December 2019. Literature review indicated that the incidence of hyperkalemia after primary aldosteronism surgery was 6% to 29%. Most of them was mild to moderator hyperkalemia (plasma potassium 5.5 to 6.0 mmol/L) and transient. 19% to 33% in hyperkalemia patients was persistent hyperkalemia. Previous studies in the levels of plasma potassium reached the level as high as 7 mmol/L in our case were rare. Whether hypoaldosteronemia was the cause of hyperkalemia was not consistent in the published studies. Risk factors of hyperkalemia after primary aldosteronism surgery included kidney dysfunction, old age, long duration of hypertention. This paper aimed to improve doctors' aweareness of hyperkalemia complication after primary aldosteronism surgery. Plasma potassium should be monitored closely after primary aldosteronism surgery, especially in the patients with risk factors. Some patients could have persistent and serious hyperkalemia, and need medicine treatment.

Short period-administration of myo-inositol and metformin on hormonal and glycolipid profiles in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis aims to perform an updated meta-analysis to evaluate myo-inositol (myo-ins) and the classical insulin sensitizer metformin in terms of efficacy and safety for treating women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PhRMA Clinical Study Results, Wan Fang, and CNKI databases; the database was searched from inception to June 2021. The random effects model was chosen to synthesize the effect sizes of individual trails. The registration number is CRD42021239786. RESULTS: Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 612 patients were included in the analysis. Compared with metformin, myo-ins might be more effective in lowering triglycerides (TG) levels (SMD -0.49, 95% CI -0.74 to -0.24, p=0.0001, I2 = 0%) and avoiding side effects (RR=0.14, 95% CI 0.08-0.24, p<0.00001, I2 = 2%), while no significant differences were observed in other relevant indexes, such as total testosterone (TT) and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with metformin, the suitable supplemental dosage of myo-ins may be helpful in lowering levels of TG and avoiding adverse events (AEs).

[Overview on diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases in the Qing Royal Court].

The remained documents and archives show that the history of diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases in royal court of the Qing Dynasty was over 200 years. The departmental system of medical care in the Qing Royal Court was inherited from former Ming Dynasty. Although the departments in the system changed over reigns, the Department of Dentistry exist all the time. In a set of historical records of 38 medical cases opened to the public, the documented symptoms and diseases, in the sense of modern medical science, included periodontitis, oral mucosal diseases, dental caries, parotiditis, etc., and the patients involved various ranks in the court, showing that oral diseases were common in the Qing Royal Court. The royal doctors ranked variedly and the medication they used was diverse. Medical fuming or steaming and medical heating were some distinctive methods among the treatments. In 1600s, the western modern medical science started to be introduced into China. In the reign of Kangxi Emperor (1700s), many western doctors were employed by the royal court and they engaged in the treatment of oral diseases. The late Qing Dynasty appeared the second peak that western doctors came into China. In 1898, Dr. Jingrong Chen, a dentist who possessed knowledge of modern dentistry in Beijing city, set up a dental clinic in the royal court and gave treatment to patients in the royal members and high-ranking officials.

[Analysis of clinical features and etiological diagnostic indices of reproductive age women with hyperandrogenism].

Objective: To investigate the clinical features and the value of different diagnostic indices for etiology in reproductive age women with hyperandrogenism. Methods: The medical records of 96 reproductive age women with hyperandrogenism in the multi-disciplinary team of Peking University First Hospital from January 2020 to April 2021 were collected. The patients were divided into four groups based on final diagnosis: congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) (n=8), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (n=67), idiopathic hyperandrogenism (n=13) and other specific diseases (n=8), respectively. The indices related to androgens in different groups were compared, and then their efficiency for diagnosis of CAH and PCOS were analyzed with receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve). Results: A total of 96 patients with hyperandrogenism were recruited, with the age of 19-45 (29±6) years old. Overall, 4.2% (4/96) of the patients were with single clinical hyperandrogenism, 56.3% (54/96) were with single laboratory hyperandrogenaemia and 39.6% (38/96) were with both. The breakdown into laboratory hyperandrogenaemia subtypes was as follows: only T elevation 22.8% (21/92), only A2 elevation 7.6% (7/92), none DHEAS elevation, only FAI elevation 5.4% (5/92) and elevation of more than one of the androgen indices mentioned above accounted for 64.1% (59/92). In the reasons of consultation, simple irregular menstruation (36.0%, 32/89) or accompanied by clinical hyperandrogenism with or without infertility (36.0%, 32/89) were the most common. As for primary visiting departments, Obstetrics and Gynecology accounted for 53.2% (51/96), and then Endocrinology as 39.5% (38/96). The 17-OHP level of CAH, PCOS and idiopathic hyperandrogenism group was 20.0 (8.2, 33.1), 1.1 (0.8, 1.4), 0.9 (0.8, 1.3) ng/ml, respectively. The androstenedione level in these groups was 6.3 (4.6, 8.7), 3.8 (2.9, 4.8) and 3.2 (2.7, 3.7) ng/ml, respectively. The 17-OHP and androstenedione levels of CAH group were significantly higher than that in PCOS or idiopathic hyperandrogenism group (all P<0.05). The ratio of LH and FSH in these three groups was 0.8(0.5, 1.0), 1.3(0.6, 1.9) and 0.6(0.3, 0.7), respectively. The ratio of LH and FSH was significantly higher in PCOS than that in idiopathic hyperandrogenism group (P=0.024), but yet there was no significant difference compared with CAH group (P>0.05). The AUC of ROC curve of 17-OHP for CAH diagnosis was 0.94, followed by androstenedione 0.83, whereas LH/FSH for PCOS diagnosis was only 0.63. Conclusions: Among the reasons of consultation in reproductive age women who visited our multi-disciplinary team for female hyperandrogenism, simple irregular menstruation or accompanied by clinical hyperandrogenism with or without infertility are the most common. PCOS accounts for the majority of different androgen excess disorders. 17-OHP is the most valuable parameter for the diagnosis of CAH and secondly androstenedione.

[Analysis of pregnancy-related adverse outcomes in patients with severe hypothyroidism during pregnancy].

Objective: To analyze the pregnancy-related adverse outcomes in patients with severe hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Methods: Using cross-sectional study, a total of 47 pregnant women with severe hypothyroidism in the Peking University First Hospital from January 2007 to December 2020 were retrospectively collected by electronic case system. According to the occurrence of adverse pregnancy events (defined as any pregnancy complication or adverse maternal-fetal/neonatal outcomes), the patients were divided into pregnancy-related adverse outcomes group (n=33) and no pregnancy-related adverse outcomes group (n=15). The demographic data, thyroid function and thyroid autoantibody levels during pregnancy, pregnancy complications and maternal-fetal/neonatal outcomes of the two groups were recorded and analyzed. Results: The age of severe hypothyroidism women was (30.5±4.1) years. The median of gestational week at delivery was 38.6 (36.3, 39.9) weeks, the median of gestational week for diagnosis was 7.0 (6.0, 8.8) weeks, the median of the highest TSH level was 32.7(23.1,60.2)mU/L and the period of reaching the target TSH level for the first time was 6.0(4.0, 10.0)weeks. Most cases (82.5%, 33/40) had thyroid autoimmunity. All women were treated with levothyroxine (L-T4) during pregnancy. A total of 37 cases (77.1%, 37/48) of them obtained the recommended target values. Fourty cases (83.3%, 40/48) gave birth. The birth weight of newborns was (3 041±452) g, the body length was (49.4±2.1) cm, and the head circumference was (33.6±0.7) cm. The period of reaching to target TSH level for the first time in patients without pregnancy-related adverse outcomes was shorter [5.0 (3.0, 9.0) vs 8.0 (4.5, 12.5) weeks) ] (P=0.033), and the times of thyroid function monitoring were more frequent [ (8.2±3.5) vs (6.0±3.6) times] (P=0.049) than the group with pregnancy-related adverse outcomes. Conclusions: The incidence of pregnancy complications and adverse maternal-fetal/neonatal outcomes is high in patients with severe hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Intense follow-up, treatment and restoration of euthyroidism as prompt as possible may improve pregnant outcomes.

[Clinical value of captopril test in noninvasive diagnosis of aldosterone-producing adenoma].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical characteristics of aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) subtypes in primary aldosteronism (PA) and the application value of captopril challenge test (CCT) in adenomas. And to find out the clinically specific non-invasive index for identifying APA subtypes from PA. METHODS: The clinical data of hospitalized patients with hypertension were retrospectively collected. All the patients were conducted with the CCT and 90 patients with PA were confirmed. Among them, 34 patients were confirmed to have APA by surgery. The clinical indicators of the two groups of patients including plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), aldosterone inhibition rate (%), and aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) before and after the CCT were compared, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the relevant indicators before and after the CCT drawn, and the areas under the curve (AUC) compared. The ROC curves were used to analyze the efficiency of the different CCT diagnostic criteria for diagnosing APA. RESULTS: Compared with the PA group, the duration of hypertension was shorter, the incidence of hypokalemia was higher, and the average serum potassium level was lower when APA was diagnosed. There were no significant differences in blood pressure level, gender, serum sodium and body mass index between the two groups. Compared with PA population, APA group had higher PAC and ARR whether before or after the CCT, but lower plasma renin concentration (PRC). In APA patients, the mean degree of PAC declined after CCT was approximately 5.7%, but 5% with that of PA. As for diagnosing, ARR before or after CCT had diagnostic value for APA, in which the ARR cut-off point was 7.12, which yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 35.85% and 77.78%. The cut-off point of ARR after CCT was 4.23, with a sensitivity of 71.43% and specificity of 62.22%. For the diagnosis, the ARR before and after CCT were of no significant difference. However, the diagnostic specificity of ARR>7.12 combined with hypokalemia was up to 80%. CONCLUSION: ARR before or after CCT have clinical value for the diagnosis of APA from PA, when combined with hypokalemia yielded high specificity.

[Effects of occupational exposure to aluminum on verbal function of workers].

Objective: To explore the effect of occupational aluminum (Al) exposure on workers' overall cognitive level and speech function. Methods: In July 2019, by using cluster sampling method, the group of 232 exposed to Al from an Al plant in Shanxi Province were selected as the exposed group, and the group of 228 not exposed to Al were selected as the control group. The blood Al concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MAS) . The exposed group was divided into high exposure group and low exposure group according to the median (M) concentration of Al in serum. The general cognitive function and speech function were evaluated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) , and the differences in the general cognitive function and speech function between the groups were compared, and non-conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the possible influencing factors of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) . Results: There were significant differences in age, working age, education and drinking status between Al exposed group and control group (P<0.05) . The total MoCA score, animal naming tese (ANT) score and category fluency repetition (CFT) score in Al exposure group were lower than control group and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) . The full rate of ANT was lower than that of CFT in Al exposure group (P<0.05) . The total MoCA score, ANT score and CFT score in the high exposure group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05) . The score of MoCA, ANT and CFT in high exposure group were lower than those in low exposure group between the level of serum aluminum>60 µg/L group and ≤60 µg/L group (P<0.05) . Logistic regression analysis showed that working age, serun Al concentration, ANT score, CFT score and SR score were the possible influencing factors of MCI in occupational Al exposure workers (P<0.05) . Conclusion: Occupational Al exposure can lead to impaired speech function of workers, the higher the ANT score, CFT score and SR score, the lower working age and serum Al concentration, the lower risk of MCI.

[Expert consensus on early prediction and diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease].

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a type of chronic kidney disease (CKD) caused by diabetes. The clinical diagnosis of DKD is usually based on the presence of increased albuminuria and/or decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and exclusion of other causes of CKD. The clinical features of DKD are proteinuria, gradual decline in renal function, and severe renal failure in the later stages, which is one of the main causes of death in patients with diabetes. Any single biomarker might be insufficient to evaluate renal injury; thus, multiple methods and markers are needed. In addition, diabetic patients should be paid more attention to the kidney, and kidney damage should be evaluated with standardized assessment aimed at strengthening the early prediction and diagnosis of DKD.

New and Interesting Fungi. 4.

An order, family and genus are validated, seven new genera, 35 new species, two new combinations, two epitypes, two lectotypes, and 17 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. Validated order, family and genus: Superstratomycetales and Superstratomycetaceae (based on Superstratomyces ). New genera: Haudseptoria (based on Haudseptoria typhae); Hogelandia (based on Hogelandia lambearum); Neoscirrhia (based on Neoscirrhia osmundae); Nothoanungitopsis (based on Nothoanungitopsis urophyllae); Nothomicrosphaeropsis (based on Nothomicrosphaeropsis welwitschiae); Populomyces (based on Populomyces zwinianus); Pseudoacrospermum (based on Pseudoacrospermum goniomae). New species: Apiospora sasae on dead culms of Sasa veitchii (Netherlands); Apiospora stipae on dead culms of Stipa gigantea (Spain); Bagadiella eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Australia); Calonectria singaporensis from submerged leaf litter (Singapore); Castanediella neomalaysiana on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Malaysia); Colletotrichum pleopeltidis on leaves of Pleopeltis sp. (South Africa); Coniochaeta deborreae from soil (Netherlands); Diaporthe durionigena on branches of Durio zibethinus (Vietnam); Floricola juncicola on dead culm of Juncus sp. (France); Haudseptoria typhae on leaf sheath of Typha sp. (Germany); Hogelandia lambearum from soil (Netherlands); Lomentospora valparaisensis from soil (Chile); Neofusicoccum mystacidii on dead stems of Mystacidium capense (South Africa); Neomycosphaerella guibourtiae on leaves of Guibourtia sp. (Angola); Niesslia neoexosporioides on dead leaves of Carex paniculata (Germany); Nothoanungitopsis urophyllae on seed capsules of Eucalyptus urophylla (South Africa); Nothomicrosphaeropsis welwitschiae on dead leaves of Welwitschia mirabilis (Namibia); Paracremonium bendijkiorum from soil (Netherlands); Paraphoma ledniceana on dead wood of Buxus sempervirens (Czech Republic); Paraphoma salicis on leaves of Salix cf. alba (Ukraine); Parasarocladium wereldwijsianum from soil (Netherlands); Peziza ligni on masonry and plastering (France); Phyllosticta phoenicis on leaves of Phoenix reclinata (South Africa); Plectosphaerella slobbergiarum from soil (Netherlands); Populomyces zwinianus from soil (Netherlands); Pseudoacrospermum goniomae on leaves of Gonioma kamassi (South Africa); Pseudopyricularia festucae on leaves of Festuca californica (USA); Sarocladium sasijaorum from soil (Netherlands); Sporothrix hypoxyli in sporocarp of Hypoxylon petriniae on Fraxinus wood (Netherlands); Superstratomyces albomucosus on Pycnanthus angolensis (Netherlands); Superstratomyces atroviridis on Pinus sylvestris (Netherlands); Superstratomyces flavomucosus on leaf of Hakea multilinearis (Australia); Superstratomyces tardicrescens from human eye specimen (USA); Taeniolella platani on twig of Platanus hispanica (Germany), and Tympanis pini on twigs of Pinus sylvestris (Spain). Citation: Crous PW, Hernández-Restrepo M, Schumacher RK, Cowan DA, Maggs-Kölling G, Marais E, Wingfield MJ, Yilmaz N, Adan OCG, Akulov A, Álvarez Duarte E, Berraf-Tebbal A, Bulgakov TS, Carnegie AJ, de Beer ZW, Decock C, Dijksterhuis J, Duong TA, Eichmeier A, Hien LT, Houbraken JAMP, Khanh TN, Liem NV, Lombard L, Lutzoni FM, Miadlikowska JM, Nel WJ, Pascoe IG, Roets F, Roux J, Samson RA, Shen M, Spetik M, Thangavel R, Thanh HM, Thao LD, van Nieuwenhuijzen EJ, Zhang JQ, Zhang Y, Zhao LL, Groenewald JZ (2021). New and Interesting Fungi. 4. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 255-343. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.13.

[Indications, selection, and effect of flap application in repairing scar carcinoma in the lower leg and ankle].

Objective: To explore the indications, selection, and effect of flap application in repairing scar carcinoma in the lower leg and ankle. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. From June 2008 to December 2018, six male patients with scar carcinoma in the lower leg and ankle were treated in Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, aged 48-64 years, with the area of lesion ranging from 3 cm×2 cm to 15 cm×6 cm. After extended resection, the defect area ranged from 8 cm×5 cm to 22 cm×9 cm, with tissue of tendon or bone exposed. Free anterolateral thigh perforator flap, latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, or pedicled sural neurovascular flap was selected to repair the wound according to the location of wound in the lower extremity, selection of operation position, the location of the anastomotic vessels in the recipient area, and whether there was good skin and soft tissue available in the lower leg. The size of flap was 11 cm×8 cm-26 cm×10 cm. The donor site of free flap or myocutaneous flap was closed directly by suturing in 5 cases, and the donor site of pedicled flap was repaired with full-thickness skin graft in 1 case. The blood supply and survival of flap, quality of skin graft survival, and complication were observed postoperatively. During the follow-up period, the recurrence and metastasis of scar carcinoma, and the appearance and function of donor and recipient sites were observed. Results: All the patients completed the operation successfully, all the transplanted flaps survived with good blood supply, and the skin graft in one donor site survived well. The wounds in the donor and recipient sites of all the patients healed well without infection, effusion, or dehiscence, etc. All the patients were followed up for 1-5 years. No local recurrence or distant metastasis of scar carcinoma was found. The quality of the transplanted flaps was good. The shape of the recipient area was quite good, and the function of the affected limb was fine. The appearance of the donor area was good without dysfunction. Conclusions: Flap transplantation is suitable for the patients with tendon and bone exposure after the excision of scar carcinoma in the lower leg and ankle. The flap can be selected according to the location of scar carcinoma, operation position, the location of anastomotic vessels in the recipient area, and whether there is good skin and soft tissue available in the lower leg. The free anterolateral thigh perforator flap or latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is an ideal choice for repair, which can be obtained in a large area, and the donor site can be directly sutured without affecting the function.

[Efficacy and safety of Changsulin® compared with Lantus® in type 2 diabetes: a phase â ¢ multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel, controlled clinical trial].

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of Changsulin® with Lantus® in treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This was a phase Ⅲ, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, active-controlled clinical trial. A total of 578 participants with T2DM inadequately controlled on oral hypoglycemic agents were randomized 3∶1 to Changsulin® or Lantus® treatment for 24 weeks. The efficacy measures included changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2h postprandial plasma glucose (2hPG), 8-point self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) profiles from baseline, and proportions of subjects achieving targets of HbA1c and FPG. The safety outcomes included rates of hypoglycemia, adverse events (AEs) and anti-insulin glargine antibody. Results: After 24 weeks of treatment, mean HbAlc decreased 1.16% and 1.25%, FPG decreased 3.05 mmol/L and 2.90 mmol/L, 2hPG decreased 2.49 mmol/L and 2.38 mmol/L in Changsulin® and in Lantus®, respectively. No significant differences could be viewed in above parameters between the two groups (all P>0.05). There were also no significant differences between Changsulin® and Lantus® in 8-point SMBG profiles from baseline and proportions of subjects achieving the targets of HbA1c and FPG (all P>0.05). The rates of total hypoglycemia (38.00% and 39.01% for Changsulin® and Lantus®, respectively) and nocturnal hypoglycemia (17.25% and 16.31% for Changsulin® and Lantus®, respectively) were similar between the two groups (all P>0.05). Most of the hypoglycemia events were asymptomatic, and no severe hypoglycemia were found in both groups. No differences were observed in rates of AEs (61.77% vs.52.48%) and anti-insulin glargine antibody (after 24 weeks of treatment, 6.91% vs.3.65%) between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions: Changsulin® shows similar efficacy and safety profiles compared with Lantus® and Changsulin® treatment was well tolerated in patients with T2DM.